Archaeologists have discovered two miniature bird figures carved from a mammoth tusk about 40,000 years ago in Hole Fels cave in southern Germany. The findings reveal that early Homo sapiens were capable of creating complex and detailed images of animals.
Both figures were found during excavations in 2025 within the lower layers of the Aurignacian culture, lying approximately 1.5 meters apart. Scientists have not yet determined whether they were crafted by a single artisan or represent distinct time periods.
One figure depicts a bird lying down, possibly hatching eggs. The second shows a bird with outstretched wings, though its left wing is absent. The second sculpture measures about 2 centimeters in length, 1 centimeter in width, and 0.5 centimeters in height. Researchers describe it as the smallest known piece of Ice Age art found in the region. Despite their minuscule size, the figures display round eyes, a beak, and parallel lines that convey plumage patterns. The artifacts weigh approximately 1.3 grams and 0.7 grams.
“In these figures, accurate observations of nature are embodied with such attention to detail that it is possible to discuss the type of bird and its behavior,” said Nicholas Conard, head of the excavation and professor at the University of Tubingen.
Scientists suggest the recumbent bird could represent a white partridge, as bones of this species have been identified in Hole Fels’ archaeological layers. The second figure may illustrate a bird flying, landing, threatening a rival, or engaging in mating behavior. Archaeologists are also considering grouse and birds of prey as potential subjects.
These are the second and third bird figurines discovered at Hole Fels. The first, depicting a waterfowl, was found there in 2001. At other sites across the region, archaeologists have uncovered images of mammoths, cave lions, and horses but no bird figurines have been documented until now. The significance of such miniatures for the Aurignacian culture remains unknown; they could serve as personal talismans or denote group affiliation.
